Note: the identity of a single "war" cannot be reliably given in some cases, and some "wars" can be taken to last over more than a human lifetime, e.g. "Reconquista" (711–1492, 781 years) "Muslim conquests in India" (12th to 16th c., 500 years) "Crusades" (ten or more campaigns during the period 1095–1291, 196 years), "Mongol conquests" (1206–1368, 162 years), "early Muslim conquests" (622–750, 128 years), "Hundred Years' War" (1337–1453, 115 years).
| War | Death range | Geometric mean[clarification needed] | Date | Combatants | Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moorish Wars | 5,000,000+ | 5,000,000 | 534–548 | Moors vs. Byzantine Empire | North Africa | |
| Arab–Byzantine Wars | 130,000+ | 130,000 | 629–1050 | Byzantine Empire and allies vs. Islamic Empire and Allies | Middle East / North Africa / Southern Europe | Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater. |
| Reconquista | 7,000,000+ | 7,000,000 | 711–1492 | Spanish and Portuguese states vs. Muslim states | Iberian Peninsula | [5] |
| An Lushan Rebellion | 13,000,000–36,000,000 | 21,633,308 | 755–763 | Tang Dynasty China and Islamic Empire vs. Yan state | China / Vietnam | [6] – Also known as the An–Shi Rebellion |
| Goryeo–Khitan Wars | 90,000+ | 90,000 | 993–1019 | Liao Empire vs. Goryeo Kingdom | Korea | [7] |
| Crusades | 1,000,000–3,000,000 | 1,732,051 | 1095–1291 | Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuq Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims. | Europe / Middle East ("Holy Land") | [8] |
| Albigensian Crusade | 200,000–1,000,000 | 447,214 | 1208–1229 | Papal States and France vs. Cathartic States | France | [9][10] – Also known as the Cathar Crusade
– Part of the Crusades
|
| Mongol conquests | 30,000,000–40,000,000 | 34,641,016 | 1206–1368 | Mongol Empire vs. Several Eurasian states | Eurasia | [11][12][13] – Excludes the (up to) 200,000,000 deaths from the Black Death migration that may have been associated with the Mongol expansion |
| Wars of Scottish Independence | 60,000-150,000 | 94,868 | 1296–1357 | Scotland vs. England | Scotland / England | |
| Hundred Years' War | 2,300,000–3,300,000 | 2,754,995 | 1337–1453 | House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet | Western Europe | [14] |
| Conquests of Timur | 8,000,000–20,000,000 | 12,649,111 | 1370–1405 | Timurid Empire vs. several middle eastern states | Eurasia | [15][16] |
| Conquests of Mehmed II 'the Conqueror' | 873,000+ | 873,000 | 1451–1481 | Ottoman Empire vs. Various south European states | Eastern Europe | [17] May be over or underestimated |
| Wars of the Roses | 35,000–50,000 | 41,833 | 1455–1487 | House of Lancaster, House of Tudor, and allies vs. House of York and allies | England / Wales | [18][better source needed][19] |
